Q: What does A-Level Physics: 6) Collisions & Impulse Guide cover? A: Understanding impulse, momentum conservation, and the energy landscape of elastic and inelastic collisions is essential for top grades in H2 Physics.
TL;DR Collisions questions funnel down to three imperatives: 1) Find the impulse - integrate the force-time graph or use J=F⋅Δt=Δp. 2) Box the momentum budget - total p before equals total p after for a closed system. 3) Tag the collision type
- if kinetic energy is conserved
and
the relative speed of approach equals that of separation, the collision is perfectly elastic; otherwise energy bleeds away as heat, sound or deformation.
1 Syllabus snapshot
Section II Mechanics, 6 Collisions lists two content bullets - Impulse and Conservation of momentum and energy - plus five learning outcomes (a-e).
Parents: mastering these outcomes secures 7-10 marks in every H2 Physics Paper 1/2 cohort since 2018.
2 Impulse - the momentum injector
2.1 Definition and units
Impulse J is the product of a force and the time for which it acts, and it equals the change in momentum: J=F⋅Δt=Δp.(1)
The SI unit is N⋅s (numerically identical to kg⋅m⋅s−1).
2.2 Area under the force-time graph
When the force varies, J is the area beneath the F−t curve.
Exam hack: sketch rectangles/triangles under the curve and sum the areas; avoid trapezium-rule mishaps.
2.3 Mini-drill
A hockey stick delivers an average 650N over 8.0⋅10−3s.
Calculate J.
If the puck 's mass is 170g and it was initially at rest, find its exit speed.
3 Conservation of momentum
3.1 Principle
In an isolated system (no external net force) the vector sum of momenta remains constant: ∑pbefore=∑pafter.(2)
3.2 Worked example - “trolley and projectile”
A 2.0kg trolley moving at 1.2m⋅s−1 catches a 60g clay projectile fired backwards at 12m⋅s−1. After sticking, the pair glide at 0.86m⋅s−1 (calc). Momentum is conserved; however, kinetic energy falls by ≈37% - classic perfectly inelastic behaviour.
4 Elastic versus inelastic collisions
Property
Perfectly elastic
Inelastic / perfectly inelastic
Momentum \(p\)
Conserved
Conserved
Kinetic energy \(E_k\)
Conserved
Decreases
Relative speed
\(v_{\text{approach}} = v_{\text{separation}}\)
\(v_{\text{separation}} < v_{\text{approach}}\)
The speed criterion stems from combining Eq. (2) with Ek conservation; its proof is examinable.
4.1 Quick test
Two identical steel balls collide head-on: one is stationary, the other approaches at 5.0m⋅s−1.
Elastic → the incident ball stops and the target departs at 5.0m⋅s−1.
Inelastic → both share speed 2.5m⋅s−1 (same p, less Ek).
5 Energy housekeeping
Momentum is always conserved for a closed system, but Ek usually leaks into deformation, sound or heat. Car-crash crumple zones lengthen Δt, reducing peak force via Eq. (1) while sacrificing kinetic energy irreversibly.
6 WA timing rules (Collisions flavour)
Label before/after clearly - one row per body, two columns (px, optionally py).
Check the extras - for elastic cases, write a second equation equating Ek or use the relative-speed shortcut.
7 Parent corner - why impulse matters in practicals
Paper 4 often supplies a force-time print-out from a data logger. Students must:
Count squares to find impulse.
Divide by mass to obtain Δv.
Compare predicted range against measured.
Missing the area trick can bleed 3-5 marks. A 30-min home drill on digital planimetry pays dividends.
Comprehensive revision pack
9478 (2026) Section II, Topic 6 Syllabus outcomes at a glance
Outcome (a) - define impulse and state the impulse-momentum theorem for variable forces.
Outcome (b) - apply conservation of linear momentum in one and two dimensions for isolated systems.
Outcome (c) - distinguish perfectly elastic, partially inelastic and perfectly inelastic collisions using kinetic energy and relative speed.
Outcome (d) - analyse force-time graphs from data-loggers, including peak force and impulse estimation.
Outcome (e) - solve problems that integrate collisions with energy transfers (e.g., ballistic pendulum, crumple zones).
Concept map (in words)
Collisions live at the intersection of momentum (vector, conserved) and energy (scalar, sometimes conserved). Start by drawing system boundaries, then decide whether forces are impulsive (short duration, large magnitude) or continuous. Link impulse to the area under an F−t graph, use conservation of momentum to relate pre- and post-impact velocities, and finally classify the collision by testing kinetic energy or the coefficient of restitution. For 2D scenarios, resolve components and use geometry (e.g., right-angle scattering).
Key definitions & formulae
Quantity / relation
Expression / meaning
Units
Impulse
\( J = F_{\text{avg}} \cdot \Delta t = \Delta p \)
\( \pu{N.s} \)
Linear momentum
\( p = m v \) (vector)
\( \pu{kg.m.s-1} \)
Coefficient of restitution
\( e = \frac{v_{\text{separation}}}{v_{\text{approach}}} \)
Compare \( \sum \tfrac{1}{2} m v^{2} \) before vs after collision
\( \pu{J} \)
Impulse from graph
Area under \( F \)-\( t \) graph (count rectangles or trapezia)
-
Centre-of-mass velocity of pair
\( v_{\text{cm}} = \frac{\sum m v}{\sum m} \)
\( \pu{m.s-1} \)
Derivations & reasoning you must know
Impulse-momentum theorem: integrate Newton's 2nd law F=dtdp over the collision window.
Relative speed form of e: combine momentum and kinetic-energy conservation to show e=1 for perfectly elastic impacts, then derive e=vapproachvseparation.
Ballistic pendulum split-phase analysis: treat the collision stage with momentum conservation and the swing stage with mechanical energy conservation.
Oblique collision on a smooth wall: resolve normal and tangential components; only the normal component flips and scales by −e.
Worked example 1 - coefficient of restitution
Two trolleys A(0.80kg) and B(1.20kg) approach each other on a smooth track with speeds 1.5m⋅s−1 and 0.9m⋅s−1 respectively. After impact, A rebounds at 0.30m⋅s−1.
A smooth proton of mass m travelling at 3.0×106m⋅s−1 strikes an identical stationary proton. After collision, proton A deflects at 30∘ above the original line. Find proton B's velocity vector, assuming an elastic collision.
Approach: resolve momentum components, enforce symmetry of identical masses, and apply kinetic-energy conservation. You should obtain proton B departing at 60∘ below the original line with the same speed magnitude as proton A post-impact.
Practical & data tasks to rehearse
Use motion sensors or high-frame-rate video to capture F−t profiles for cart collisions; integrate numerically to verify impulse values.
Investigate crumple zones by adding foam buffers and measuring peak force reduction for the same momentum change.
Carry out a ballistic pendulum experiment; separate the collision maths from the pendulum energy conversion and document uncertainties.
Common misconceptions and exam traps
Treating momentum as scalar and dropping direction signs.
Assuming energy is conserved for every collision - only momentum is guaranteed without external forces.
Forgetting that e is defined using speeds along the line of impact, not arbitrary velocity components.
Mixing up internal and external impulses (e.g., mistaking normal reaction for external force when dealing with colliding gliders).
Quick self-check quiz
During an inelastic collision, which quantity must remain constant for the system? - Total linear momentum.
What does the area under a force-time graph quantify? - Impulse (change in momentum).
If e=0, what type of collision has occurred? - Perfectly inelastic; bodies coalesce.
Why do airbags reduce injury in crashes? - They increase collision duration, lowering peak force for the same momentum change.
Two equal masses collide elastically head-on. What happens to their velocities? - They exchange velocities; one stops while the other takes the incident speed.
Revision workflow
Re-derive e=vapproachvseparation for elastic collisions starting from conservation laws.
Complete at least two SEAB Paper 2 questions featuring impulse graphs; practise estimating area quickly.
Summarise typical collision archetypes (perfectly elastic, partially inelastic, perfectly inelastic, explosions) in a single-page storyboard.
Pair up with a classmate to quiz each other on step-by-step momentum tables - speed comes from repetition.
Practice Quiz
Test yourself on the key concepts from this guide.
Parents: schedule a hands-on “collision cart” demo - cheap tracks are available for home practice.
Students: memorise Eq. (1), Eq. (2) and the speed criterion; they compress whole MCQs into three lines of working.
Last updated 14 Jul 2025. Next review on the 2027 syllabus draft release.
