IP Combined Science Notes (Lower Sec, Year 1-2): 04) Cells, Diffusion & Organisation

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09 Dec 2025, 00:00 Z

Q: What does IP Combined Science Notes (Lower Sec, Year 1-2): 04) Cells, Diffusion & Organisation cover?
A: Label cell structures, explain transport across membranes, and connect tissues to organs and systems.

Understanding how substances cross membranes and how cells group into tissues helps you explain both microscopic slides and full organ systems.

Learning targets

Identify organelles in typical animal and plant cells and state their functions.
Compare specialised cells (root hair, red blood cell, palisade mesophyll) with structural adaptations.
Distinguish diffusion and osmosis using concentration and water potential ideas.
Describe how cells, tissues, organs, and systems are organised within organisms.

1. Cell ultrastructure

Organelle	Function	Present in
Cell membrane	Controls substance entry/exit.	Plant & animal cells.
Cytoplasm	Site of metabolic reactions.	Plant & animal cells.
Nucleus	Contains genetic material; controls cell activities.	Plant & animal cells.
Mitochondria	Site of aerobic respiration.	Plant & animal cells.
Vacuole

Process	Definition	Medium
Diffusion	Net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to lower concentration, down the concentration gradient.	Applies to gases, liquids, solutes.
Osmosis	Net movement of water molecules through a partially permeable membrane from higher water potential to lower water potential.	Water only.

IP Combined Science Notes (Lower Sec, Year 1-2): 04) Cells, Diffusion & Organisation

Learning targets

1. Cell ultrastructure

Specialised cells

2. Diffusion & osmosis

Worked example - Osmosis in potato strips

Diffusion rate factors

3. Organisation hierarchy

System connections

Try it yourself

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