IP Combined Science Notes (Lower Sec, Year 1-2): 04) Cells, Diffusion & Organisation
09 Dec 2025, 00:00 Z· Last updated 30 Nov 2025
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Q: What does IP Combined Science Notes (Lower Sec, Year 1-2): 04) Cells, Diffusion & Organisation cover?
A: Label cell structures, explain transport across membranes, and connect tissues to organs and systems.
Understanding how substances cross membranes and how cells group into tissues helps you explain both microscopic slides and full organ systems.
These notes align with MOE's Lower Secondary Science syllabus themes commonly taught in IP Sec 1–2, and act as a bridge into upper-secondary Physics, Chemistry, and Biology.
Status: MOE Lower Secondary Science syllabus (current release) checked 2025-11-30 - scope unchanged; remains the reference for these combined science notes.
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Learning targets
- Identify organelles in typical animal and plant cells and state their functions.
- Compare specialised cells (root hair, red blood cell, palisade mesophyll) with structural adaptations.
- Distinguish diffusion and osmosis using concentration and water potential ideas.
- Describe how cells, tissues, organs, and systems are organised within organisms.
1. Cell ultrastructure
| Organelle | Function | Present in |
| Cell membrane | Controls substance entry/exit. | Plant & animal cells. |
| Cytoplasm | Site of metabolic reactions. | Plant & animal cells. |
| Nucleus | Contains genetic material; controls cell activities. |
