Q: What does H2 Chemistry Notes: CORE IDEA 2, Topic 5 - The Periodic Table cover? A: Link periodic trends, Period 3 oxides/chlorides, and Group 2/17 reactivity to Core Idea 2 (The Periodic Table) requirements for the 2026 H2 Chemistry syllabus.
Periodic trends inform everything from bonding predictions to qualitative analysis.
This guide explains electron configuration roots of the trends, highlights compulsory case studies (Period 3 oxides and chlorides, Groups 2 and 17), and provides exam-ready examples.
Status: SEAB H2 Chemistry (9729, first exam 2026) syllabus and Chemistry Data Booklet last checked 2025-11-29 (syllabus PDF last modified 2024-07-17; booklet last modified 2024-12-17). Core Idea 2 Topic 5 content remains unchanged.
1 General Periodic Trends
Property
Across a period (left → right)
Down a group
Key reasoning
Atomic radius
Decreases
Increases
Effective nuclear charge vs shell number.
Ionisation energy
Increases (with small dips)
Decreases
Stronger nuclear attraction vs increased shielding.
Electronegativity
Increases
Decreases
Attraction for bonding electrons.
Metallic character
Decreases
Increases
Ease of electron loss to form cations.
Explain anomalies: e.g. the drop in IE1 from Be to B arises from 2p vs 2s subshell energy.
Quote numerical data (atomic radii, first ionisation energies, standard electrode potentials) from the SEAB Chemistry Data Booklet or IUPAC tables when calculations or ranking require specific values.
2 Period 3 Oxides
Oxide
Structure/Bonding
Acid-base behaviour
Reaction with water
NaX2O
Giant ionic
Basic
NaX2O+HX2O2NaOH
MgO
Giant ionic
Basic (weaker due to lattice energy)
Slowly forms Mg(OH)X2
AlX2OX3
Giant ionic with covalent character
SiOX2
Giant covalent
Acidic (weak)
Insoluble; reacts with strong bases on heating.
PX4OX10
Molecular covalent
SOX2, SOX3
Exam pointer: Always link structure/bonding to acid-base behaviour. Mention amphoteric nature of Al2O3 explicitly and provide balanced equations when asked.
3 Period 3 Chlorides
Chloride
Hydrolysis in water
Resulting solution
NaCl, MgClX2
Dissociate without hydrolysis.
Neutral for NaCl; slightly acidic for MgClX2 due to hydrolysis of MgX2+
AlClX3
Hydrolyses strongly.
Acidic, releases HCl.
SiClX4
Violent hydrolysis.
Produces HCl and solid SiOX2
PClX3, PClX5
SX2ClX2
Complex hydrolysis.
Relate hydrolysis extent to the nature of bonding (ionic vs covalent) and the high charge density/electrophilicity of covalent chlorides that makes them susceptible to water attack.
4 Group 2 (Alkaline Earth Metals)
4.1 Physical and Chemical Trends
Atomic/ionic radius: Increases down the group; screening added shells.
Ionisation energy: Decreases; easier to form +2 ions.
Melting point: Generally decreases due to weaker metallic bonding as cation size increases (magnesium is an exception due to crystal structure).
Reactivity with water: Increases; from slow reaction of magnesium with cold water to vigorous reaction of barium.
4.2 Thermal Stability of Carbonates/Nitrates
Thermal stability increases down the group. Smaller cations (MgX2+) polarise the anion more strongly, facilitating decomposition. Provide balanced equations, e.g. MgCOX3MgO+COX2.
4.3 Uses in Papers
Explaining why CaO acts as a base in steel-making (ionic lattice).
Comparing solubility of hydroxides/carbonates using lattice energy vs hydration enthalpy.
5 Group 17 (Halogens)
5.1 Reactivity and Oxidising Strength
Fluorine strongest oxidising agent due to high electronegativity and small atomic radius (reflected in the highest standard electrode potential in the SEAB Chemistry Data Booklet).
Down the group, oxidising power decreases (standard electrode potentials fall); conversely, halide ions' reducing ability increases.
5.2 Disproportionation
Know key reactions:
ClX2+2OHX−ClX−+ClOX−+HX2O
In hot concentrated NaOH:
3ClX2+6OHX−5ClX−+ClOX3X−+3HX2O
Explain by citing chlorine's intermediate oxidation states (0,+1,−1, or +5).
5.3 Halide Reaction with H2SO4
Halide
Observation
Reason
ClX−
Produces HCl only.
Weak reducing agent.
BrX−
Produces SOX2, BrX2
Moderate reducing strength.
IX−
Produces SOX2
6 Worked Example
Question:
Describe and explain the change in the pH of solutions formed when NaX2O, AlX2OX3, and SiOX2 are added separately to water.
Solution:
NaX2O: Ionic oxide forms NaOH; solution strongly basic (pH>13). Explanation: OX2− ions attract protons to produce OHX−.
AlX2OX3: Insoluble; amphoteric but does not change pH
SiOX2: Giant covalent oxide; insoluble; no appreciable pH change. Provide reasoning about the covalent network resisting hydrolysis.
Organise answer by oxide type, then state pH outcome and justification referencing bonding and acid-base nature.
7 Practical Angles
Paper 4: Qualitative analysis questions often rely on Group 2 and Group 17 trends (e.g. flame tests, precipitation with silver nitrate). When planning experiments, specify reagents and expected observations (colour, precipitate, gas).
Investigations: Expect to justify using chlorine water vs bromine water as oxidising agents in halide tests, referencing standard electrode potentials from the SEAB Chemistry Data Booklet.
8 Common Misconceptions
Confusing amphoteric oxides (AlX2OX3, ZnO) with simple metal oxides.
Claiming MgO is soluble; stress sparing solubility due to high lattice energy.
Forgetting to mention oxidation states in disproportionation explanations.
Describing reactivity trends without referencing atomic/ionic radius and shielding.
9 Practice Drill
Write balanced equations and describe observations when chlorine reacts with cold and hot NaOH.
Compare the solubility of Mg(OH)X2 and Ba(OH)X2 using lattice and hydration enthalpy arguments.
Predict products when Mg reacts with steam and with cold water; include temperature conditions and discuss relative rates.
Mastering periodic trends allows you to justify reactions quickly across the syllabus. Keep refining your explanations and consult https://eclatinstitute.sg/blog/h2-chemistry-notes for the rest of the Core Idea notes.
H2 Chemistry Notes: CORE IDEA 2, Topic 5 - The Periodic Table
Amphoteric
Reacts with acids and bases; insoluble in water.
Acidic
PX4OX10+6HX2O4HX3POX4
Molecular covalent
Acidic
Form HX2SOX3, HX2SOX4 respectively.
.
.
Hydrolyse to acids.
HX3POX3 or HX3POX4.
Mixture of sulfur-containing acids.
.
,
S
,
HX2S
,
IX2
.
Strong reducing agent; further reduction.
significantly in pure water. Note: reacts with acid or base when present.
