IP Chemistry Upper Sec 10: Rate of Reactions
26 Nov 2025, 00:00 Z
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These notes align with SEAB GCE O-Level Chemistry (6092) content used in IP programmes (exams from 2026).
Status: SEAB O-Level Chemistry 6092 syllabus (exams from 2026) checked 2025-11-30 - scope unchanged; remains the reference for this note.
What you must know
- Factors: concentration/pressure, temperature, surface area, catalysts (including enzymes).
- Collision theory: rate depends on collision frequency and the fraction of particles with energy ≥ activation energy.
- Catalysts give an alternative pathway with lower activation energy; they are regenerated. Examples: Fe in Haber, V₂O₅ in contact process, enzymes in biology.
- Rate experiments: measure gas volume with gas syringe, mass loss on balance, time for cross to disappear in thiosulfate–acid; plot volume/mass vs time or 1/time proxy.
Detailed notes
- Collision theory: effective collisions need sufficient energy and correct orientation. Higher temperature shifts the Maxwell-Boltzmann curve; more particles exceed Ea, so rate rises sharply. Higher concentration/pressure/surface area increases collision frequency.
- Measurement choices: gas syringe for gases; mass loss on balance for gas escape; “disappearing cross” for turbidity; colour change/clock reactions for solution studies. Control temperature and volumes.
- Typical experiments: (gas volume), marble chips + acid (mass loss or syringe), thiosulfate + acid (time for cross),
