IP Physics Notes (Upper Secondary, Year 3-4): 7) Light
30 Sep 2025, 00:00 Z· Last updated 30 Nov 2025
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Q: What does IP Physics Notes (Upper Secondary, Year 3-4): 7) Light cover?
A: Master reflection and refraction laws, critical angle behaviour, and thin-lens constructions for IP optics questions.
Quick recap -- Light travels in straight lines until a boundary bends or reflects it. Track incident and refracted angles carefully and use lens rules to predict image position, size, and orientation.
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These notes align with SEAB GCE O-Level Physics (6091) content used in IP programmes (exams from 2026).
Status: SEAB O-Level Physics 6091 syllabus (exams from 2026) checked 2025-11-30 - scope unchanged; remains the reference for these notes.
Reflection Basics
- Reflection: bouncing of light from a surface.
- Law 1: incident ray, reflected ray, and normal all lie in the same plane.
- Law 2: angle of incidence equals angle of reflection, .
- Smooth surfaces give specular reflection; rough surfaces scatter light, producing diffuse reflection.
- Always draw the normal at the point of incidence before marking angles.
Plane Mirror Images
- Properties: virtual, upright, same size, laterally inverted, same distance behind the mirror as the object is in front.
- To construct paths: draw the apparent ray from image to eye first (dashed behind the mirror), then reflect it to locate the real ray into the eye.
