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TL;DR A bad practical is not a death sentence. The practical is worth 20 % of your grade for pure sciences and 15 % for combined science. Even a disaster-level practical score (10/40) still lets you hit A1 territory if your theory papers are strong. The maths below proves it. Breathe.
You walked out of the lab feeling sick
The titration went wrong. The graph looked nothing like it should. You forgot to record a reading, or your results were so far off that you just stared at the paper for the last ten minutes. Now you are sitting at home, replaying every mistake, and you are convinced your grade is ruined.
Take a breath. You are not the first student to walk out of a practical exam feeling like that, and you will not be the last. Before you spiral, let us do what your science teacher would want you to do: look at the data.
The maths that should calm you down
The practical paper is worth 20 % of the total mark for pure sciences (O-Level and A-Level) and roughly 15 % for combined science. That means theory papers --- the ones you have not sat yet, or the ones you can still revise for --- carry 80--85 % of the weight.
Here is the formula for pure science subjects (20 % practical, 80 % theory):
A solid practical carries you to a comfortable pass (B3/B4 range), even with middling theory. But notice that the theory score is doing most of the heavy lifting just by existing --- 44 of your 61.5 points come from there.
Scenario B: Weak practical, strong theory
You scored 20/40 on practical (50 %) but 120/160 on theory (75 %).
0.20×50+0.80×75=10+60=70
A 70 % overall puts you solidly in A2 territory at O-Level. Your "bad" practical cost you about 7.5 percentage points compared to a student who scored 87.5 % on practical with the same theory. That stings, but it is one grade band at most --- not a failure.
Scenario C: Disaster practical, strong theory
Your practical was a genuine catastrophe: 10/40 (25 %). But you work hard on theory and score 128/160 (80 %).
0.20×25+0.80×80=5+64=69
Even with a catastrophic practical, you are still near the A2 boundary. Push your theory to 85 % and the overall becomes:
0.20×25+0.80×85=5+68=73
That is within striking distance of A1 (typically around 75 %). A disaster practical and you can still aim for A1. That is how dominant theory weightage is.
Weightage table: every science subject at a glance
O-Level subjects
Subject
Code
Practical paper
Practical weighting
Theory weighting
Pure Physics
6091
Paper 3 (40 marks)
20 %
80 %
Pure Chemistry
6092
Paper 3 (40 marks)
20 %
80 %
Pure Biology
6093
Paper 3 (40 marks)
20 %
80 %
Combined Sci (Phys/Chem)
5086
Paper 5 (30 marks)
15 %
85 %
Combined Sci (Phys/Bio)
5087
Paper 5 (30 marks)
15 %
85 %
Combined Sci (Chem/Bio)
5088
Paper 5 (30 marks)
15 %
85 %
A-Level H2 subjects
Subject
Code
Practical paper
Practical weighting
Theory weighting
H2 Physics
9478
Paper 4 (50 marks)
20 %
80 %
H2 Chemistry
9476
Paper 4 (50 marks)
20 %
80 %
H2 Biology
9477
Paper 4 (50 marks)
20 %
80 %
The pattern is consistent: practical never exceeds one-fifth of the total. Theory always dominates.
What examiners actually mark (it is not just "the right answer")
Here is something most students do not realise: you can get the "wrong" final answer and still score well on the practical. The marking scheme is split into skill categories, not just a single right-or-wrong verdict.
O-Level practical mark allocation
MMO (Manipulation, Measurement, and Observation): Did you use the apparatus correctly? Did you record readings to the right precision? Did you make and record observations accurately? You can earn full MMO marks even if your final calculated answer is off.
PDO (Presentation of Data and Observations): Did you tabulate results properly? Did you plot the graph with appropriate scales, label axes, and draw a best-fit line? A beautifully presented graph with "wrong" data points still earns PDO marks.
ACE (Analysis, Conclusions, and Evaluation): Did you process the data logically? Did you calculate gradients correctly? Did you identify sources of error and suggest improvements? Strong analysis of imperfect data still earns marks.
What this means for you
If your titration endpoint was off by 2 cm3 (see our burette technique guide for how to nail the endpoint next time), you lose a couple of MMO marks for accuracy --- but you can still earn full marks for tabulation, graphing, gradient calculation, and evaluation. The examiner is not just checking whether you got the "right number." They are checking whether you demonstrated scientific process.
This is why students who think they "failed" the practical often score better than expected. The marking is more granular than a pass/fail verdict.
The moderation safety net
Practical exams at O-Level and A-Level are moderated by Cambridge (UCLES). This means:
Centre-level moderation. If your school's cohort is marked too harshly (or too leniently) by internal markers, Cambridge adjusts the entire cohort's marks to align with national standards. If your school's practical marking was stricter than average, your marks may be adjusted upward.
Criterion-referenced grading. There is no fixed bell curve --- see our O-Level bell curve and moderation guide for the full explanation. Cambridge sets grade boundaries after marking is complete, based on paper difficulty and the quality of work seen that year. If the practical paper was unusually difficult, the boundary for A1 drops. This protects everyone, including you.
No separate pass/fail for the practical. Your practical mark is simply weighted and added to your theory total. There is no minimum practical score you must achieve to receive a grade.
The moderation system exists precisely because examiners know that practical outcomes vary --- equipment differs between schools, conditions vary, and nerves affect performance more in a lab than at a desk. The system accounts for this.
What you can still control
Here is the most important takeaway: theory papers are worth 80 % of your grade. Every mark you gain on Paper 1 (MCQ) and Paper 2 (structured and free response) is worth four times as much as a mark on the practical, in terms of overall impact.
If your practical went badly, this is not the time to give up. It is the time to double down on theory revision. Here is a practical plan:
Do not waste time replaying the practical. What happened in the lab is done. You cannot change it. Dwelling on it steals revision time from the papers that carry 80 % of your grade.
Identify your weakest theory topics. If you are unsure, go through past-year Paper 2 questions and note which topics you consistently lose marks on. Target those first.
Practise MCQ papers under timed conditions. Paper 1 is worth 20 % on its own --- the same as the entire practical. Improving your MCQ accuracy by even 5 marks can offset a poor practical performance.
Master free-response technique. Paper 2 is worth 60 %. Learning to structure answers clearly --- stating the physics/chemistry/biology principle, applying it to the context, and including units and significant figures --- can gain you marks you are currently losing to careless presentation.
Most of the time, a "bad practical" is not as bad as it felt. But there are situations where the practical score becomes a real problem:
You left entire sections blank. If you did not attempt the planning question or skipped a whole experiment, you may have lost 15--20 marks in one go. That is harder to recover from than scattered small errors.
You did not turn up at all. Missing the practical without a valid medical reason means zero for that component and potentially no grade for the entire subject. If this applies to you, read our guide on what happens if you are absent from the practical.
Your theory is also weak. A bad practical only works out if your theory is strong enough to compensate. If you are scoring below 60 % on theory papers too, the combined effect puts you under real pressure. This is the scenario where you need to seek help --- from your teacher, a tutor, or structured revision resources --- and be honest about how much work is needed before the theory exams.
You are aiming for a scholarship or a course with strict grade requirements. If you need A1 for a specific purpose and your practical was genuinely poor (below 15/40), the maths shows you need roughly 85 %+ on theory to compensate. That is achievable but leaves zero margin for error. Plan your revision accordingly.
For everyone else --- the student who made a few mistakes, whose titration was slightly off, whose graph had a wobbly best-fit line --- the practical is very unlikely to be the thing that determines your grade. Theory will.
Frequently asked questions
Can I fail the practical but still pass O-Level science?
Yes. There is no separate pass/fail for the practical paper. Your practical mark is weighted (15--20 %) and added to your theory total. Even a very low practical score can be offset by solid theory performance. A student scoring 5/40 on practical but 75 % on theory still achieves about 65 % overall --- a comfortable pass.
How much does the practical affect my final grade?
The practical is worth 20 % for pure sciences (O-Level and A-Level) and 15 % for combined science. In practice, this means a 10-mark difference on the practical (e.g. 20/40 vs 30/40) changes your overall by about 5 percentage points. That is significant but not catastrophic.
Can I still get A1 with a bad practical?
Yes, but you need strong theory. With a practical score of 15/40 (37.5 %), you need roughly 84 % on theory to hit 75 % overall (a typical A1 boundary). With 20/40 (50 %), you need about 81 % on theory. These are demanding but realistic targets for a well-prepared student.
Are practical marks moderated?
Yes. Cambridge moderates practical marks across centres to ensure consistent standards. If your school's marking was unusually strict, your cohort's marks may be adjusted upward. This moderation happens at the centre level, not for individual students.
Does the examiner only care about the final answer?
No. Practical marks are split across skill categories: manipulation and measurement, data presentation, and analysis. You can score well on tabulation, graphing, and evaluation even if your raw data was imperfect. The marking scheme rewards scientific process, not just correct numbers.
What if I am also weak at theory?
If both your practical and theory scores are low, the combined effect is serious. A student scoring 15/40 on practical and 50 % on theory gets about 47.5 % overall --- below the pass boundary. In this case, you need to focus all available revision time on improving theory performance, since theory carries 80 % of the weight and offers the greatest return on effort.
Key takeaways
The practical is worth 15--20 % of your total grade. Theory carries 80--85 %.
Even a catastrophic practical (10/40) can be offset by strong theory performance.
Examiners mark skills (measurement, presentation, analysis), not just final answers. You probably earned more marks than you think.
Moderation protects you if your school's marking was unusually strict.
Focus your energy on theory revision. Every mark on Paper 1 and Paper 2 is worth more than a mark on the practical.
