IP Biology Notes: Transport in Humans (Upper Sec 05)
26 Nov 2025, 00:00 Z
Reviewed by
Ezekiel Tan·Academic Advisor (Biology)
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Use this as a free IP Biology notes chapter on transport in humans for Year 3 to Year 4. It keeps the IP pacing while reinforcing the 6093 biology foundations most schools test through DBQs, diagrams, and practical explanations.
Status: SEAB O-Level Biology 6093 syllabus (exams from 2026) checked 2025-11-30 - scope unchanged; remains the reference for this note.
What you must know
- Double circulation: pulmonary (heart–lungs–heart) and systemic (heart–body–heart). Arteries thick, elastic, small lumen; veins thinner with valves; capillaries one-cell-thick, large total area.
- Blood components: RBC biconcave, no nucleus, haemoglobin for O₂ transport; plasma carries nutrients, hormones, waste, CO₂; WBC (phagocytes ingest, lymphocytes make antibodies); platelets + clotting factors form fibrin mesh.
- Heart anatomy: atria/ventricles, valves; cardiac cycle systole/diastole; path of blood through heart and lungs.
- Coronary heart disease: fatty deposits narrow arteries; risk factors (diet high in saturated fat, smoking, lack of exercise, stress); prevention (diet, exercise, no smoking, statins, angioplasty/bypass).
- ABO blood groups: antigens on RBC, antibodies in plasma; compatibility rules to avoid agglutination.
Detailed notes
- Plasma transports glucose, amino acids, hormones, urea,
