IP Biology Upper Sec 10: Nutrition and Transport in Flowering Plants

These notes align with SEAB GCE O-Level Biology (6093) content used in IP programmes (exams from 2026).

Status: SEAB O-Level Biology 6093 syllabus (exams from 2026) checked 2025-11-30 - scope unchanged; remains the reference for this note.

What you must know

• Leaf: large surface area, thin, palisade mesophyll packed with chloroplasts, spongy mesophyll with air spaces, stomata for gas exchange, veins with xylem (water) and phloem (food). Xylem inner side, phloem outer in veins.
• Root hair: long extension, thin wall, large surface area, close to soil particles for water/mineral uptake.
• Photosynthesis: $\ce{6CO2 + 6H2O ->[light/chlorophyll] C6H12O6 + 6O2}$